Table 1 Characteristics of TB-stigma intervention studies
Authors | Region and country | Study design and intervention | Type of stigma | Aims | Sample and study population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population: People with TB | |||||
Macq et al. 2008 [28] | Rural Nicaragua | Quasi-experimental TB clubs: group meeting between people with TB Patient-centred home visits: home visits and discussion by HCWs | Internalised stigma | (1) Reduction of internalised stigma (2) Improving TB treatment outcomes | 268 newly diagnosed people with TB (122 intervention, 146 control) |
Demissie, Getahun and Lindtjørn, 2003 [29] | Rural Northern Ethiopia | Non-randomized controlled trial TB clubs: group visit to clinic, regular weekly meeting, and ad-hoc meeting on holidays or market days | Internalised and anticipated stigma | (1) Improving treatment compliance (2) Assessing societal changes including internalised and anticipated stigma | 128 people with TB (64 intervention group, 64 in comparison group) |
Acha et al. 2007 [30] | Peru | Non-randomized trial in eight groups Psychosocial support intervention: Support groups, recreational excursions, symbolic celebrations, and periodic family workshops | Internalised stigma | (1) Improving treatment completion (2) Reducing psychosocial impact of TB including internalised stigma | 285 people with MDR-TB |
Wilson et al. 2016 [33] | El Salvador | Pilot intervention study Educational videography: basic TB information including transmission, TB diagnosis and treatment, common misconceptions and misunderstandings related to TB, and testimonials of people with TB | Anticipated and enacted stigma | (1) Assessing the feasibility of intervention implementation (2) Improving the understanding of TB among people with TB and their family members, including anticipated stigma | 1916 people with TB and family members watched the video 15 people with TB and their families were evaluated |
Chalco et al. 2006 [31] | Lima, Peru | Program evaluation, qualitative Community nursing: healthcare visit, home visit, and support group therapy | Internalised stigma | Identifying forms and means of emotional support by nurses | Intervention for people receiving MDR TB treatment from 1996–2004 Feedback evaluation of seven nurses |
Bond et al. 2017 [26] | Zambia and South Africa | Cluster randomised trial: Household counselling intervention | Internalised and enacted stigma | (1) Developing TB-Stigma items (2) Evaluating the stigma after intervention | 1826 people with TB and 1235 household members of people with TB from different 24 communities |
Population: Healthcare workers | |||||
Wu et al. 2009 [34] | Taiwan, China | Quasi-experimental TB training course: TB education, information of TB epidemiology, skills for DOTS execution, de-stigmatisation, and human rights | Anticipated stigma | (1) Increasing TB knowledge (2) Reducing anticipated TB-Stigma | 1279 HCWs |
Sommerland et al. 2020 [24] | South Africa | Cluster randomised controlled trial Workshop: training and social marketing campaign | External (secondary) stigma | Reducing HIV and TB enacted and secondary stigma | 652 HCWs in eight hospitals (367 in intervention group, 285 in control group) |
Population: Public | |||||
Croft and Croft, 1999 [27] | Panchagar district, Bangladesh | Program evaluation, case control Health education programme: mass information program using flipchart, loudspeaker, and slide stories of successful treatment | Anticipated stigma | Improving knowledge, attitude, and practice on leprosy and TB Stigma was included in attitude measurement | Intervention to two Unions/area (each with approximately 20,000 population) Evaluation in 100 adults |
Balogun et al. 2015 [32] | Idi Araba region, Southwest Nigeria | Quasi-experimental Organized community volunteer programs: health talk, one-on-one discussion, educational pamphlets, and street rally | Anticipated stigma | Improving TB knowledge, attitude, and practice Stigma was included in knowledge and attitude measurements | Intervention to community with ± 42,000 population Evaluation in 252 adults aged more than 18 years old |
Idris et al. 2020 [25] | Kelantan, Malaysia | Non-randomised controlled trial Education program: lecture, quiz session, small group discussions, poster exhibition, and four booklets on TB Control: information on adolescent health and hygiene | Anticipated stigma | (1) Increasing knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviours towards TB (2) Reducing stigma | 236 secondary high school students (118 in intervention group, 118 in control group) |