Fig. 4

Global diffusion patterns of DENV-1 at the clade level inferred by phylodynamics analysis using posterior analysis of coalescent trees (PACT). a The involving epidemic country/area of DENV-1 with a trunk probability > 50% in certain clade in at least 12 consecutive months inferred by PACT, was considered as the dominant epidemic location of this clade. So 31 PACT-inferred dominant countries/areas epidemic with 47 clades of DENV-1 were estimated, represented with colour horizontal lines in the panel. Among them, 1D2, 4E8, 5N7, and 5P8 respectively broke out only in the single country-Vietnam, Indonesia, Brazil, and Colombia. The gray dots show the earliest and latest years of observed isolation for each clade of DENV-1, connected by thin gray lines. b The vertical bars show the number of migrant events in the 25 PACT-inferred dominant epidemic countries or areas when the migration rate was estimated > 0.1. Herein, six countries including Japan, Haiti, Paraguay, Saint Barthelemy, Colombia, and Ecuador were excluded due to the migration rate < 0.1. c The alluvial plot shows the diffusion of 42 clades (excluding 1D2, 4E8, 5N7, and 5P8 in a single country, and 1I1 in Vietnam and Cambodia) from the 25 PACT-inferred dominant countries/areas to 43 countries/areas in 9 epidemic regions, with the width of line indicating the value of migration rate