Characterization of tungiasis infection and morbidity using thermography in Kenya revealed higher disease burden during COVID-19 school closures

Table 2 Prevalence of tungiasis

Infection status	N^a	Actual % infected	95% CI		Bivariable				Multivariable
	N^a	Actual % infected	95% CI		OR^b	95% CI		P	aOR^c	95% CI^d		P
School pupils
Total	3532	9.3	8.4	10.3
County
Kwale	1526	13.6	11.9	15.4	1				1
Siaya	2007	6.1	5.2	7.3	0.42	0.21	0.86	0.018	0.36	0.18	0.74	0.005
Sex
Female	1765	5.4	4.4	6.5	1				1
Male	1768	13.3	11.8	15	2.85	2.20	3.68	< 0.001	3.01	2.32	3.91	< 0.001
Age (years)					0.91	0.85	0.97	0.003	0.89	0.83	0.95	0.001
House floor
Sand/mud	2209	12.1	10.8	13.5	1
Concrete	1323	4.8	3.7	6.1	0.36	0.26	0.47	< 0.001	0.32	0.24	0.44	< 0.000
Survey round
1	810	11.2	9.2	13.6	1
3	2723	8.8	7.8	9.9	0.57	0.23	1.42	0.226
Rainfall (cm) same month^e					1.01	0.97	1.04	0.719
Rainfall (cm) previous 2 months					1.01	0.96	1.06	0.603
Household Members of Index Cases
Total	1138	50.3	47.4	53.2
County
Kwale	719	47.1	43.5	50.8	1
Siaya	419	55.6	50.8	60.3	1.4	1.1	1.79	0.006
Sex
Female	585	35.9	32.2	39.9	1				1
Male	553	65.3	61.2	69.1	3.51	2.71	4.54	< 0.001	2.38	1.71	3.33	< 0.001
Age group (years)
< 8	257	54.5	48.3	60.5	0.19	0.13	0.29	< 0.001	0.21	0.14	0.31	< 0.001
8–14	444	82.7	78.9	85.9	1				1
15–20	77	23.9	15.4	35.2	0.04	0.02	0.07	< 0.001	0.04	0.02	0.08	< 0.001
21–40	202	9.9	6.4	14.8	0.01	0.01	0.02	< 0.001	0.02	0.01	0.03	< 0.001
41–60	105	10.1	5.7	17.3	0.01	0.01	0.03	< 0.001	0.02	0.01	0.04	< 0.001
60	53	30.2	19.4	43.8	0.06	0.03	0.12	< 0.001	0.07	0.03	0.15	< 0.001
Survey round
1	242	42.3	36.2	48.7	0.46	0.33	0.64	< 0.001	0.32	0.19	0.53	< 0.001
2	401	61.3	56.5	66.0	1				1
3	495	45.2	40.8	49.6	0.59	0.4	0.68	< 0.001	0.44	0.29	0.68	< 0.001
Rainfall (cm) same month^e					1.01	1.0	1.02	0.004
Rainfall (cm) previous 2 months					1.01	0.99	1.03	0.128

^aN: number of individuals
^bOR: odds ratio
^caOR: adjusted odds ratio
^dCI: confidence interval
^eRainfall unit in cm for ease of interpretation, converted from mm by dividing rainfall in mm by 10

ISSN: 2049-9957