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Table 2 Symptoms and signs in malaria patients according to CoRE by other viral or bacterial pathogens

From: Seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among malaria patients in an endemic area of southern Venezuela

 

CoRE

DENV (n = 24)

HAV (n = 19)

HBV (n = 10)

CHIKV (n = 9)

LEP (n = 6)

No (n = 106)

Yes (n = 55)

Symptoms

       

 Fever

106 (100)

55 (100)

24 (100)

19 (100)

10 (100)

9 (100)

6 (100)

 Chill

106 (100)

55 (100)

24 (100)

19 (100)

10 (100)

9 (100)

6 (100)

 Headache

103 (97.2)

55 (100)

24 (100)

19 (100)

10 (100)

9 (100)

6 (100)

 Lumbar pain

50 (47.2)

23 (41.8)

11 (45.8)

9 (47.4)

3 (30.0)

3 (33.3)

2 (33.3)

 Asthenia*

47 (44.3)

33 (60.0)

17 (70.8)

9 (47.4)

3 (30.0)

8 (88.9)

4 (66.7)

 Diaphoresis

41 (38.7)

24 (43.6)

10 (41.7)

7 (36.8)

4 (40.0)

6 (66.7)

3 (50.0)

 Abdominal pain

38 (35.8)

23 (41.8)

11 (45.8)

9 (47.4)

3 (30.0)

3 (33.3)

3 (50.0)

 Myalgias

43 (40.6)

23 (41.8)

13 (54.2)

9 (47.4)

2 (20.0)

3 (33.3)

2 (33.3)

 Arthralgia

37 (34.9)

23 (41.8)

12 (50.0)

10 (52.6)

2 (20.0)

4 (44.4)

2 (33.3)

 Otalgia

2 (1.9)

5 (9.1)

3 (12.5)

1 (5.3)

1 (16.7)

 Dyspnoea

14 (13.2)

6 (10.9)

5 (20.8)

1 (5.3)

2 (22.2)

1 (16.7)

 Bleeding

2 (3.6)

2 (0.3)

2 (22.2)

 Cough

13 (12.3)

10 (18.2)

7 (29.2)

4 (21.1)

1 (16.7)

 Diarrhoea

14 (13.2)

7 (12.7)

4 (16.7)

2 (10.5)

1 (10.0)

 Emesis

20 (18.9)

11 (20.0)

5 (20.8)

5 (26.3)

1 (10.0)

2 (22.2)

1 (16.7)

Signs

       

 Jaundice

34 (32.1)

16 (29.1)

9 (37.5)

6 (31.6)

1 (10.0)

2 (22.2)

2 (33.3)

 Pallor§

60 (56.6)

29 (52.7)

15 (62.5)

8 (42.1)

2 (20.0)

6 (66.7)

2 (33.3)

 Splenomegaly||

5 (4.7)

9 (16.4)

4 (16.7)

2 (10.5)

2 (22.2)

1 (16.7)

 Hepatomegaly

10 (9.4)

6 (10.9)

10 (9.4)

1 (5.3)

1 (10.0)

2 (22.2)

1 (16.7)

 Oliguria

6 (5.7)

7 (12.7)

4 (16.7)

1 (5.3)

1 (10.0)

1 (11.2)

1 (16.7)

 Somnolence

9 (8.5)

8 (14.5)

6 (25)

2 (10.5)

2 (22.2)

2 (33.3)

 Stupor**

1 (0.9)

2 (3.6)

2 (8.3)

2 (10.5)

1 (11.1)

 Seizures††

1 (0.9)

2 (3.6)

2 (8.3)

2 (10.5)

1 (11.1)

 Oedema

3 (2.8)

3 (5.5)

2 (6.7)

1 (5.3)

 Ascites

1 (1.8)

1 (4.8)

  1. Data are expressed as frequency and percentages. Patients with CoRE with more than one pathogen were added independently to each CoRE group. Statistically significant association with *DENV (P = 0.025; Pearson’s chi-squared test), no CoRE (P = 0.034; Pearson’s chi-squared test), DENV (P = 0.033; Fisher’s Exact test), §HBV (P = 0.023; Fisher’s exact test), ||DENV (P = 0.011; Yates’s chi-squared test), DENV (P = 0.003; Yates’s chi-squared test), **HAV (P = 0.038; Yates’s chi-squared test), ††HAV (P = 0.038; Yates’s chi-squared test). CoRE Co-infection or recent exposure, DENV Dengue virus, HAV Hepatitis A virus, HBV Hepatitis B virus, CHIKV Chikungunya virus, LEP Leptospirosis. – means there was no patient counting