Reference (year of publication) | Intervention | Total Costs (USD 2020) | Mean QALY/ QALD/ Disutility / Death averted/ evLYG | Cost-effectiveness measure(USD 2020) | Cost-effective against the standard of care? | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QALY | LYG | QALD | Disutility | Death averted | evLYG | ||||||||
Whittington (2022) | Moderate to severe population | SoC + Remdesivir | 313,447 | 12.189 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: USD 298, 200 Value-based price : 4000–13,500 | No | ||
SoC | 311,617 | 12.182 | – | – | – | – | – | Ref. | |||||
Mild population | SoC + Remdesivir | 318,375 | 13.702 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 1,847, 000 Value-based price : 700-4,600 | ||||
SoC | 315,629 | 13.701 | – | – | – | – | – | Ref. | |||||
Rafia (2022) | SoC | 12,958.40 | 6.35 | – | – | – | – | – | Ref. | It is cost-effective if remdesivir prevents death | |||
Remdesivir | 17,558.59 | 6.63 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 16,403.02 | |||||
Kelto (2022) | Payer perspective | All patient | Baricitinib-Remdesivir | 380,396 | 12.0641 | 15.0641 | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 22,334 Incremental Cost per LYG:17,858 | Baricitinib-Remdesivir is cost-effective compared to using REM for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. | |
Remdesivir | 372,434 | 11.7076 | 14.754 | – | – | – | – | Ref. | |||||
Patient with oxygen use | Baricitinib-Remdesivir | 379,487 | 11.9480 | 15.056 | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 21,818 Incremental Cost per LYG:17,458 | ||||
Remdesivir | 370,527 | 11.5373 | 14.543 | – | – | – | – | Ref. | |||||
Hospital perspective | All patient | Baricitinib-Remdesivir | Incremental total expenditure : − 1778 | Incremental total QALYs: 0.0018 | – | – | – | – | – | Dominates | |||
Remdesivir | – | – | – | – | – | Ref. | |||||||
Patient with oxygen use | Baricitinib-Remdesivir | Incremental total expenditure : − 2709 | Incremental total QALYs: 0.0023 | – | – | – | – | – | Dominates | ||||
Remdesivir | – | – | – | – | – | Ref. | |||||||
Dijk (2022) | Casirivimab-Imdevimab | Incremental cost : 696 | Incremental QALY : 0.171 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 4075 ICER< WTP | Yes | |||
Remdesivir | Incremental cost : − 5 | Incremental QALY : 0.252 | – | – | – | – | – | Dominates | |||||
Dexamethasone | Incremental cost :6856 | Incremental QALY : 0.614 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 111,699 ICER< WTP | |||||
Baricitinib-Remdesivir | Incremental cost : 10,673 | Incremental QALY : 0.775 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 13,772 ICER< WTP | |||||
Tocilizumab | Incremental cost : 35,849 | Incremental QALY : 0.882 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 40,633 ICER< WTP | |||||
Interferon beta-1a | Incremental cost : − 2538 | Incremental QALY :− 0.472 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: 5377 Cost-saving | |||||
Lopinavir-ritonavir | Incremental cost : − 1404 | Incremental QALY : − 0.091 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY:15418 Cost-saving | |||||
Hydroxychloroquine | Incremental cost : − 12,227 | Incremental QALY :− 0.263 | – | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY:46427 Cost-saving | |||||
Jo (2021) | SoC | 83,937 | – | – | – | – | Ref. | – | Ref | ||||
Remdesivir for non-ventilated patients & dexamethasone for ventilated patients | 69,346 | – | – | – | – | 408 | – | Incremental Cost per death averted: Cost-saving | Yes, the use of remdesivir for nonventilated patients and dexamethasone for ventilated patients is likely to be cost-saving. | ||||
Dexamethasone for non-ventilated & ventilated patients | 84,096 | – | – | – | – | 689 | – | Incremental Cost per death averted: USD 231 | |||||
Remdesivir for non-ventilated patients (58%) only | 69,279 | – | – | – | – | 26 | – | Incremental Cost per death averted: Cost-saving | |||||
Dexamethasone for ventilated patients (42%) only | 84,003 | – | – | – | – | 382 | – | Incremental Cost per death averted: USD174 | |||||
Jiang (2021) | SoC | 641,356,115.72 | – | – | 512,651,191 | – | – | – | Ref | Yes | |||
Remdesivir | 669,201,230.38 | – | – | 512,677,159 | – | – | – | ICER: USD 4,008.53 | |||||
Okuz (2021) | SoC | 3538.9 | – | – | – | 0.515 | – | – | INB: USD 1575.6 (1*GDP) INB: USD 4,571.4 (3*GDP) | Yes | |||
Remdesivir | 3461.1 | – | – | – | 0.341 | – | – | ||||||
Ohsfeldt (2021) | Payer perspective | Placebo + SoC(systemic corticosteroids and Remdesivir) | 329,268 | 11.3879 | 14.300 | – | – | – | – | Ref. | Addition of baricitinib to SOC (systemic corticosteroids and Remdesivir) was cost-effective. | ||
Baricitinib + SoC | 346,544 | 12.0582 | 15.137 | – | – | – | – | Incremental Cost per QALY: USD 25,774 Incremental Cost per LYG: USD 20,638 | |||||
Hospital perspective | Placebo + SoC(systemic corticosteroids and Remdesivir) | Incremental total expenditure: − 2436 | Incremental total QALYs: 0.0023 | – | – | – | – | – | Ref. | ||||
Baricitinib + SoC | – | – | – | – | – | Dominates | |||||||
Congly (2021) | Supportive care | 11,112.98 | 0.7155 | – | – | – | – | – | – | No | |||
Dexamethasone severe | 11,115.86 | 0.7256 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Dexamethasone all | 11,132.18 | 0.7351 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Remdesivir severe | 11,756.48 | 0.7100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Remdesivir moderate | 13,101.98 | 0.7245 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Remdesivir moderate, dexamethasone severe | 13,104.86 | 0.7346 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Remdesivir all | 13,745.48 | 0.7190 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Carta (2021) | SoC | 33,369.9 | 0.7673 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | |||
dexamethasone | 33,555.6 | 0.803 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Remdesivir | 32,354.4 | 0.7734 | – | – | – | – | – | Dominant | |||||
Remdesivir+ dexamethasone | 32,540.2 | 0.809 | – | – | – | – | – | Dominant | |||||
Wu (2021) | SoC | 31,159 | 0.04376 | – | – | – | – | – | ICER: USD 32,809,252 | No | |||
SoC + Remdesivir | 36,990 | 0.04554 | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
Whittington (2020) | SoC | 305,230 | 12.18 | – | – | – | – | 12.19 | Ref | This study aimed to provide pricing estimates for remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. | |||
SoC + Remdesivir | 319,230 | 12.46 | – | – | – | – | 12.48 | WTP = USD50,000 per QALY and per evLYG Cost-effectiveness price benchmark: USD 4580–USD 5080 WTP = USD100,000 per QALY and per evLYG, Cost-effectiveness price benchmark: USD 18,640 - USD 19,630 WTP = USD 150,000 per QALY and per evLYG, Cost-effectiveness price benchmark: USD 32,700–USD 34,180 |