Table 1 Hygiene, sanitation and water-use factors associated with households with active disease’ (univariate analysis)
From: Association between water related factors and active trachoma in Hai district, Northern Tanzania
Risk factors | Case household | Control household | OR | (95% CI) | P - value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hygiene factors | ||||||
Frequency of face washing | Total | |||||
>= 2 a day | 19 (39.6%) | 39 (81.3%) | 58 (60.4%) | 0.15 | (0.05-0.42) | <0.001 |
Once a day | 29 (60.4%) | 9 (18.8%) | 38 (39.6%) | 1 | ||
Bathing of children | ||||||
Yes | 34 (70.8%) | 47 (97.9%) | 81 (84.4%) | 0.05 | (0.01-0.41) | <0.001 |
No | 14 29.12%) | 1 (2.1%) | 15 (15.6%) | 1 | ||
Decision making on water at home | ||||||
Mother | 46 (95.8%) | 47 (97.9%) | 93 (96.7%) | 0.49 | 0.02-7.21 | NS |
Father | 2 (4.2%) | 1 (2.1%) | 3 (3.3%) | 1 | ||
Use of soap for hand washing | ||||||
Yes | 34 (70.8%) | 38 (77.0 %) | 71 (74.0%) | 0.72 | 0.29-1.81 | NS |
No | 14 (29.2%) | 11 (23.0%) | 25 (26.0%) | 1 | ||
Use of soap for face washing | ||||||
Yes | 36 (75.0%) | 41 (85.0%) | 77 (80.2%) | 0.51 | 0.18-1.44 | NS |
No | 12 (25.0%) | 7 (15.0%) | 19 (19.8%) | 1 | ||
Sharing of vessels during face washing | ||||||
Yes | 13 (27%) | 6 (12.5%) | 19 19.8%) | 2.6 | 0.89-7.55 | NS |
No | 35 (73%) | 42 (87.5%) | 7 (80.2%) | 1 | ||
Sharing of towel | ||||||
Yes | 9 (18.8%) | 8 (16.7%) | 17 (17.7%) | 1.2 | 0.40-3.32 | NS |
No | 39 (81.2%) | 40 (83.3%) | 79 (82.3%) | 1 | ||
Water use in household | ||||||
Daily household water for face washing | ||||||
>= 2 litres | 22 (45.8%) | 39 (81.2%) | 61(63.5%) | 0.2 | 0.07- 0.71 | <0.001 |
1 Litre | 26 (52.2%) | 9 (18.8%) | 35 (36.5%) | 1 | ||
Distance to water source (minutes) | ||||||
> 20 minutes | 22 (45.8%) | 6 (12.5%) | 28 (29.2%) | 5.92 | 1.93-18.96 | <0.001 |
0-20 minutes | 26 (52.2%) | 42 (87.5%) | 68 (70.8%) | 1 | ||
Household daily water collection (Litres) | ||||||
>=60 | 5 (10.4%) | 41 (85.4%) | 46 (47.9%) | 0.02 | 0.01-0.08 | <0.001 |
<60 | 43 (89.6%) | 7 (14.6%) | 50 (52.1%) | 1 | ||
Frequency of daily water collection (trips) | ||||||
>= 2 trips | 38 (79.2%) | 42 (87.5%) | 80 (83.3%) | 0.54 | 16-1.83 | NS |
1 trip | 10 (20.8%) | 6 (12.5%) | 16 (16.7%) | 1 | ||
Daily household water for bathing (Litre) | ||||||
>20 | 13 (27.1%) | 28 (58.3%) | 41 (42.7%) | 0.55 | 0.24-1.26 | NS |
10 - 20 | 35 (72.9%) | 20 (41.7%) | 55 (57.3%) | 1 | ||
Person who collect water | ||||||
Mother | 37 (77.1%) | 37 (77.1%) | 74 (77.1%) | 1.0 | 0.39-2.59 | NS |
Daughters | 11 (22.9%) | 11 (22.9%) | 22 (22.9%) | 1 | ||
Latrines and waste management | ||||||
Presence of latrine at household | ||||||
Yes | 30 (62.5%) | 36 (75.0%) | 66 (68.8%) | 0.56 | 0.21-1.45 | NS |
No | 18 (37.5%) | 12 (25.0%) | 30 (31.2%) | 1 | ||
Waste management system | ||||||
Present | 20 (41.7%) | 31 (64.6%) | 51 (53.1%) | 0.39 | 0.17-0.89 | 0.04 |
Absent | 28 (58.3%) | 17 (35.4%) | 45 (46.9%) | 1 | ||
Number of pre-school children in household | ||||||
Yes | 30 (61.2%) | 19 (38.8%) | 49 (51.0%) | 2.54 | 1.24 - 6.12 | 0.03 |
no | 18 (38.3%) | 29 (61.7%) | 47 (49.0% | 1 | ||