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Table 1 Basic characteristics of needle-sharing behaviors among PWID in Yunnan, China

From: Factors associated with needle sharing among people who inject drugs in Yunnan, China: a combined network and regression analysis

 

Total

Those who shared needles

Univariate logistic regression

Multivariate logistic regression

n(%)

n(%)

OR (95 % CI)

P-valuea

OR (95 % CI)

P - value

Place of residence

   

7.7E−25

 

1.9E−10

 Baoshan

340(32.4)

51(15.0)

Refb

 

Ref

 

 Zhaotong

381(36.3)

157(41.2)

4.0(2.8–5.7)

6.9E−14

3.6(2.4–5.7)

3.8E−09

 Qujing

112(10.7)

56(50.0)

5.7(3.5–9.1)

8.4E−13

5.9(3.4–10.3)

2.7E−10

 Dehong

140(13.3)

74(52.9)

6.4(4.1–9.9)

4.3E−16

3.0(1.7–5.2)

1.2E−04

 Lincang

76(7.2)

55(72.4)

14.8(8.3–26.6)

1.5E−19

4.9(2.3–10.1)

2.5E−05

Gender

   

5.4E−01

  

 Male

1 018(97.0)

383(37.6)

Ref

   

 Female

31(3.0)

10(32.3)

0.8(0.4–1.7)

   

Age

   

3.5E−01

  

 13–25

200(19.1)

71(35.5)

Ref

   

 26–30

321(30.6)

116(36.1)

1.0(0.7–1.5)

8.8E−01

  

 31–35

284(27.1)

119(41.9)

1.3(0.9–1.9)

1.6E−01

  

 36–68

244(23.3)

87(35.7)

1.0(0.7–1.5)

9.7E−01

  

Ethnicity

   

3.1E−03

  

 Han

852(81.2)

301(35.3)

Ref

   

 Minorityc

197(18.8)

92(46.7)

1.6(1.2–2.2)

   

Occupation

   

1.6E−02

  

 Various jobsd

226(21.5)

67(29.6)

Ref

   

 Farmer

362(34.5)

137(37.8)

1.4(1.0–2.1)

4.3E−02

  

 Jobless

461(43.9)

189(41.0)

1.6(1.2–2.3)

4.0E−03

  

Marital status

   

2.3E−01

  

 Unmarried

485(46.2)

197(40.6)

Ref

   

 Married

387(36.9)

131(33.9)

0.7(0.6–1.0)

4.1E−02

  

 Cohabitated

62(5.9)

22(35.5)

0.8(0.5–1.4)

4.4E−01

  

 Divorced or widowed

115(11.0)

43(37.4)

0.9(0.6–1.3)

5.3E−01

  

Education

   

8.9E−04

  

 None

67(6.4)

38(56.7)

Ref

   

 1–5 years

348(33.2)

143(41.1)

0.5(0.3–0.9)

1.9E−02

  

 6–9 years

488(46.5)

165(33.8)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

3.7E−04

  

  > 10 years

146(13.9)

47(32.2)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

8.3E−04

  

Drug of choice

   

6.4E−01

  

 Heroin

1 010(96.3)

377(37.3)

Ref

   

 Heroin + otherse

39(3.7)

16(41.0)

1.2(0.6–2.2)

   

Other drug use

   

5.9E−12

 

2.1E−04

 No

221(21.1)

46(20.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Diazepam

450(42.9)

168(37.3)

2.3(1.6–3.3)

2.1E−05

1.6(1.0–2.6)

4.1E−02

 Diazepam + othersf

325(31.0)

167(51.4)

4.0(2.7–5.9)

3.0E−12

2.7(1.6–4.3)

1.0E−04

 Otherf

53(5.1)

12(22.6)

1.1(0.5–2.3)

7.7E−01

0.9(0.4–2.2)

8.0E−01

Method of drug intake

   

3.2E−02

  

 Injection

496(47.3)

169(34.1)

Ref

   

 Injection + oral

553(52.7)

224(40.5)

1.3(1.0–1.7)

   

Duration of drug abuse

   

2.4E−07

  

  < 5 years

324(30.9)

85(26.2)

Ref

   

 6–10 years

281(26.8)

102(36.3)

1.6(1.1–2.3)

7.7E−03

  

 11–15 years

281(26.8)

124(44.1)

2.2(1.6–3.1)

4.7E−06

  

 16–20 years

163(15.5)

82(50.3)

2.8(1.9–4.2)

2.0E−07

  

Drug use frequency (per day)

   

8.3E−05

  

  < 1

99(9.4)

17(17.2)

Ref

   

 2

334(31.8)

118(35.3)

2.6(1.5–4.7)

8.4E−04

  

 3

390(37.2)

164(42.1)

3.5(2.0–6.1)

1.1E−05

  

  > 4

226(21.5)

94(41.6)

3.4(1.9–6.2)

3.6E−05

  

Most recent drug use

   

3.0E−02

  

  < 1 year

624(59.5)

225(36.1)

Ref

   

 1 year

336(32.0)

123(36.6)

1.0(0.8–1.3)

8.7E−01

  

  > 2 years

89(8.5)

45(50.6)

1.8(1.2–2.8)

9.0E−03

  

Duration of drug use (injection)

   

7.7E−13

 

5.3E−04

  < 5 years

499(47.6)

129(25.9)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 6–10 years

464(44.2)

216(46.6)

2.5(1.9–3.3)

3.5E−11

1.7(1.2–2.4)

1.2E−03

  > 11 years

86(8.2)

48(55.8)

3.6(2.3–5.8)

8.2E−08

2.6(1.4–4.8)

2.0E−03

Source of syringe

   

8.8E−06

  

 Clinic

145(13.8)

26(17.9)

Ref

   

 Hospital

123(11.7)

51(41.5)

3.2(1.9–5.7)

3.3E−05

  

 Drugstore

692(66.0)

276(39.9)

3.0(1.9–4.8)

1.4E−06

  

 Otherg

89(8.5)

40(44.9)

3.7(2.1–6.8)

1.4E−05

  

Average reuse times per needle

   

1.6E−23

 

5.0E−14

 1

638(60.8)

164(25.7)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 2

277(26.4)

134(48.4)

2.7(2.0–3.6)

3.6E−11

2.3(1.6–3.2)

3.3E−06

  > 3

134(12.8)

95(70.9)

7.0(4.7–10.6)

2.0E−20

6.1(3.8–10.0)

2.1E−13

Number of sexual partners

   

2.1E−01

  

None

121(11.5)

45(37.2)

Ref

   

 1

312(29.7)

103(33.0)

0.8(0.5–1.3)

4.1E−01

  

 2–3

285(27.2)

110(38.6)

1.1(0.7–1.6)

7.9E−01

  

 4–6

152(14.5)

56(36.8)

1.0(0.6–1.6)

9.5E−01

  

 7–10

59(5.6)

23(39.0)

1.1(0.6–2.0)

8.2E−01

  

  > 11

120(11.4)

56(46.7)

1.5(0.9–2.5)

1.4E−01

  

STD diagnosis

   

7.6E−07

  

 No

867(82.7)

295(34.0)

Ref

   

 Yes

182(17.3)

98(53.8)

2.3(1.6–3.1)

   

HIV serostatus

   

9.9E−24

 

1.3E−06

 Negative

853(81.3)

254(29.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Positive

196(18.7)

139(70.9)

5.8(4.1–8.1)

 

3.1(2.0–4.9)

 

Diagnosis of other infectious diseaseh

   

3.3E−12

 

1.3E−04

 No

718(68.4)

219(30.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

160(15.3)

97(60.6)

3.5(2.5–5.0)

4.1E−12

2.5(1.6–3.8)

2.6E−05

 Unknown

171(16.3)

77(45.0)

1.9(1.3–2.6)

3.3E−4

1.3(0.9–2.0)

1.8E−01

  1. aUsing scientific notation
  2. bReference
  3. cAchang, Bai, Zang, Dai, De'ang, Hui, Jingpo, Lisu, Man, Mian, Miao, Tujia, Yi, Zhuang
  4. dCook, electrician, barker, waiter, government staff, businessman, nurse, worker, chauffeur, builder, hotel manager, miner, carpenter, repairman, salesman, doctor
  5. eKetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, opium, ephedrine, marijuana
  6. fPethidine hydrochloride, triazolam, methadone
  7. gNeedle exchange programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, store, friends
  8. hHepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tuberculosis, malaria