Table 3 Participants characteristics according to DM categories (N = 1528)
Covariates | Total (N, %) | Categories of DM (N, %)a | *P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No DM (n = 609) | Pre-DM (n = 570) | DM (n = 349) | |||
Age | < 0.001 | ||||
35–49 years | 535(35.0) | 303(49.7) | 163(28.6) | 69(19.8) | |
50–60 years | 534(34.9) | 177(29.1) | 199(34.9) | 158(45.3) | |
61–95 years | 459(30.1) | 129(21.2) | 208(36.5) | 122(34.9) | |
Mean, SD | 54.9(12.0) | ||||
Female (%) | 1080(70.7) | 429(70.4) | 408(71.6) | 243(69.6) | 0.83 |
Rural (%) | 766(50.1) | 322(52.9) | 276(48.4) | 168(48.1) | 0.12 |
Ethnicity (Lao) | 1438(94.1) | 564(92.6) | 540(94.7) | 334(95.7) | 0.59 |
Education | 0.05 | ||||
Illiterate | 247(16.2) | 80(13.1) | 105(18.4) | 62(17.8) | |
Primary level | 719(47.0) | 286(47.0) | 270(47.4) | 163(46.7) | |
Secondary level | 562(36.8) | 243(39.9) | 195(34.2) | 124(35.5) | |
Socio-economic status | 0.002 | ||||
Poorest | 505(33.1) | 219(36.0) | 199(34.9) | 87(24.9) | |
Second least poorest | 514(33.6) | 208(34.1) | 186(32.6) | 120(34.4) | |
Least poorest | 509(33.3) | 182(29.9) | 185(32.5) | 142(40.7) | |
Ever smokers | 491(32.1) | 196(32.2) | 177(31.1) | 118(33.8) | 0.64 |
Ever alcohol drinkers | 733(48.0) | 354(58.1) | 244(42.8) | 135(38.7) | < 0.001 |
No physical activity | 288(18.8) | 112(18.4) | 122(21.4) | 54(15.5) | 0.13 |
Weight (kg; mean, SD) | 58.1(11.9) | 55.6(11.0) | 58.3(11.8) | 61.9(12.5) | < 0.001 |
Height (cm; mean, SD) | 153.6(7.2) | 153.8(7.1) | 153.0(7.1) | 154.0(7.4) | 0.08 |
BMI (kg/m2; mean, SD) | 24.6(4.5) | 23.5(4.1) | 24.8(4.5) | 26.0(4.5) | < 0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm; mean, SD) | 93.2(10.0) | 91.0(9.7) | 94.1(10.0) | 95.8(9.7) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference(cm; mean, SD) | 81.2(11.8) | 77.4(10.8) | 82.3(11.7) | 86.5(11.2) | 0.12 |
Waist-hip ratio (mean, SD) | 0.87(0.07) | 0.85(0.06) | 0.87(0.06) | 0.90(0.06) | < 0.001 |
Hb concentration (mg/dl; mean, SD) | 122.7(17.8) | 122(18) | 123(18) | 125(18) | 0.04 |
Helminth infections | |||||
Any infection | 513(33.6) | 224(36.8) | 189(33.2) | 100(28.7) | 0.04 |
Any trematode infection | 473(31.0) | 211(34.6) | 175(30.7) | 87(24.9) | 0.03 |
Opisthorchis viverrini | 466(30.5) | 207(34.0) | 169(29.6) | 90(25.8) | 0.03 |
Minute intestinal flukes | 96(6.3) | 37(6.1) | 41(7.2) | 18(5.2) | 0.62 |
Paragonimus spp. | 4(0.3) | 1(0.2) | 2(0.3) | 1(0.3) | 0.82 |
Any nematode infection | 117(7.7) | 51(8.4) | 49(8.4) | 17(4.9) | 0.16 |
Hookworm | 73(4.8) | 34(5.6) | 25(4.4) | 14(4.0) | 0.23 |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 40(2.6) | 13(2.1) | 21(3.7) | 6(1.7) | 0.15 |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 4(0.3) | 2(0.3) | 2(0.3) | 0(0.0) | 0.56 |
Trichuris trichiura | 7(0.5) | 4(0.7) | 3(0.5) | 0(0.0) | 0.34 |
Cestodes/Taenia spp. | 34(2.2) | 10(1.6) | 11(1.9) | 13(3.7) | 0.08 |