Fig. 4
Molluscicidal effect of 4% TDS by immersion in the field. a Mortality of Oncomelania hupensis post-exposure to 4% TDS by immersion in the field. Danling_1, conducted in the ditch; Danling_2, conducted in the paddy field. b–e Comparison of Oncomelania hupensis mortalities (individual and pooled results) between TDS (2.5 g/m3) and WPN (2 g/m3) 1 (b), 2 (c), 3 (d) and 7 d (e) post-immersion in the field, studies performed 2011 to 2013. There is no significant difference in the pooled effects between TDS and WPN 7 d post-immersion (e), of which the relative risk values (TDS/WPN) for snail mortality was 0.991 (95% CI: 0.975–1.006)