Table 1 Prevalence of HIV pretreatment drug resistance in pediatrics and adults in low-income countries

a) Children and infants:

 PMTCT exposed

2016

Sub Saharan Africa

32.4% (95% CI: 18.7–46.1%)

26.8% between 2004 and 2013

[23]

 PMTCT unexposed

2016

Sub Saharan Africa

9.7% (95% CI: 4.6–14.8%)

–

[23]

 PMTCT exposed

2012–2013

Togo

81.8%

–

[56]

 PMTCT exposed

2007–2014

Zambia

–

21.5–40.2% between 2007/2009–2014

[57]

 PMTCT exposed

2011–2014

South Africa

54.9%

–

[58]

 PMTCT exposed

2011–2014

Mozambique

59.2%

–

[58]

 PMTCT exposed

2011–2014

Swaziland

41.2%

–

[58]

 PMTCT exposed

2011–2014

Uganda

38.8%

–

[58]

 PMTCT exposed

2011–2014

Zimbabwe

74.7%

–

[58]

 PMTCT exposed

2010–2013

South Africa

52.0%

–

[59]

 PMTCT exposed

2011

South Africa

56.8%

–

[60]

 PMTCT unexposed

2010–2011

Uganda

7.5%

–

[61]

b) All

 All

2001–2016

South Africa

11% (7.5–15.9)

23% (16–19)

[5]

 All

2001–2016

East Africa

10.1% (5.1–19.4)

17% (5–30)

[5]

 All

2001–2016

West and central Africa

7.2% (2.9–16.5)

17% (6–29)

[5]

 All

2001–2016

Latin and Caribbean

9.4% (6.6–13.2)

11% (5–18)

[5]

 All

2016

South Africa

11%

23%

[6]

 All

2016

East Africa

15.5%

29%

[6]

 All

2016

West and central Africa

7.2%

17%

[6]

 All

2016

Latin and Caribbean

15%

15%

[6]

 All

2016

Asia

–

11%

[6]

 All

2000–2016

South Africa

8.5%

1.2–fold increase (95% CI: 1.13–1.23)

[62]

Type of population

Region

levels of any HIV PDR

Yearly increase in HIV PDR

reference

 All

2008–2010

Angola

16%

–

[63]

 All

2016

Argentina

18.6%

–

[6]

 All

2012–2014

Botswana

10%

–

[64]

 All

2003, 2007–2011

Cuba

22%

–

[65]

 All

2015

Mexico

15%

–

[66]

 All

2013–2014

Papua New Guinea

6%

–

[67]

 All

2000–2016

South Africa

10%

1.1–fold increase (95% CI: 1.06–1.15)

[62]

 All

2004–2014

Global

6.9% in 2010

9% in 2012

[68]