Table 4 Univariable and multivariable Poisson regression of factors associated with catastrophic costs, Kenya patient costs survey (2016)

Hospitalization (ref = not hospitalized)

3.1 (2.1–4.4)

 < 0.001

2.8 (1.8–4.5)

 < 0.001

Treatment delay (ref =  < 4 weeks)

1.6 (1.2–1.9)

 < 0.001

1.5 (1.3–1.7)

 < 0.001

Type of facility offering treatment

(ref = private)

0.8 (0.6–0.9)

0.032

0.8 (0.6–0.9)

0.021

BMI

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

 < 0.001

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

 < 0.001

Pre-TB HH exp_quintiles

(ref = Quintile 5)

Poorest Q1

6.3 (3.9–10.3)

 < 0.001

6.2 (4.0–9.7)

 < 0.001

Q2

3.40 (2.1–5.6)

 < 0.001

3.4 (2.1–5.3)

 < 0.001

Q3

2.5 (1.4– 4.2)

0.002

2.4 (1.5–3.9)

 < 0.001

Q4

1.7 (0.9–3.2)

0.111

1.6 (0.9–3.0)

0.110

TB type (ref = EPTB^†)

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

0.050

X-ray test (ref = no X-Ray)

1.3 (1.1–1.56)

0.018

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

0.147

Constant

0.19

 < 0.001