Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central Côte d’Ivoire

Table 3 Bivariate associations between Schistosoma mansoni infection status and sociodemographic and hygiene related factors according to the diagnostic method

Variables	Model 1 cOR (95% CI)			Model 2 cOR (95% CI)			Model 3 cOR (95% CI)
Variables	No infection	S. mansoni only	S. mansoni co-infection	No infection	S. mansoni only	S. mansoni co-infection	No infection	S. mansoni only	S. mansoni co-infection
N (%)	596 (74.0)	170 (21.1)	39 (4.9)	596 (85.8)	78 (11.2)	21 (3.0)	596 (95.2)	22 (3.5)	8 (1.3)
Age > 41	Ref	0.40 (0.28–0.60)***	0.39 (0.19–0.78)**	Ref	0.28 (0.16–0.48)***	0.63 (0.25–1.59)	Ref	0.19 (0.06–0.58)**	0.52 (0.12–2.20)
Males	Ref	1.12 (0.79–1.57)	1.77 (0.90–3.48)*	Ref	1.16 (0.72–1.86)	1.70 (0.66–4.39)	Ref	1.74 (0.72–4.21)	1.66 (0.39–6.99)
Formal education	Ref	0.98 (0.70–1.38)	0.60 (0.31–1.15)	Ref	1.31 (0.80–2.13)	0.36 (0.13–0.95)**	Ref	0.93 (0.39–2.18)	2.32 (0.46–11.61)
Lowest wealth tertile	Ref	1.89 (1.33–2.69)***	3.69 (1.90–7.17)***	Ref	1.88 (1.16–3.06)**	7.19 (2.54–20.30)***	Ref	3.08 (1.31–7.28)**	4.28 (1.01–18.14)**
Farmers	Ref	1.28 (0.91–1.80)	2.86 (1.37–5.98)**	Ref	1.21 (0.75–1.95)	5.26 (1.52–18.26)**	Ref	2.11 (0.85–5.26)	1.64 (0.39–6.95)
Semi-urban area	Ref	0.89 (0.63–1.25)	0.51 (0.26–1.00)**	Ref	0.86 (0.54–1.39)	0.33 (0.12–0.91)**	Ref	0.34 (0.13–0.89)**	0.30 (0.06–1.52)
Poor hygiene score > 3	Ref	1.52 (1.07–2.14)**	4.44 (2.17–9.11)**	Ref	1.42 (0.88–2.29)	9.31 (2.68–32.36)**	Ref	1.75 (0.74–4.10)	5.24 (1.05–26.22)**

Estimates represent increase or decrease in odds of S. mansoni only infection or S. mansoni co-infection compared to no infection. All estimates were derived from bivariate multinomial logistic regression models including each independent variable at a time. Poor hygiene score combines lack of household toilet, use of surface water, disposal of household waste or toilet water in nature or open and poor handwashing, faecal handling or water storage practices. Median (IQR) of poor hygiene score is 3 (2)
IQR interquartile range, cOR crude odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, Ref. reference
^‡S. mansoni co-infection with either Plasmodium, S. haematobium or hookworm
*P-value between 0.05 and 0.1; **P-value < 0.05; ***P-value < 0.001
Model 1: All participants (n = 805); S. mansoni defined as positive Kato-Katz or point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA);
Model 2: n = 695; S. mansoni defined as positive Kato-Katz or POC-CCA test (excluding trace positive-only cases);
Model 3: n = 626; S. mansoni defined as positive Kato-Katz test (excluding all POC-CCA positive-only cases)

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