Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central Côte d’Ivoire

Table 5 Association between Schistosoma mansoni infection status and health-related outcomes according to the diagnostic method

Health-related variables	Model 1 OR (95% CI)			Model 2 OR (95% CI)			Model 3 OR (95% CI)
Health-related variables	No infection	S. mansoni only	S. mansoni co-infection^‡	No infection	S. mansoni only	S. mansoni co-infection^‡	No infection	S. mansoni only	S. mansoni co-infection^‡
N (%)	596 (74.0)	170 (21.1)	39 (4.9)	596 (85.8)	78 (11.2)	21 (3.0)	596 (95.2)	22 (3.5)	8 (1.3)
Self-rated poor health	Ref	1.84 (0.84–4.03)	2.16 (0.57–8.27)	Ref	0.78 (0.17–3.53)	4.59 (1.06–19.92) **	Ref	NA	8.35 (1.24–56.32) **
Healthcare use	Ref	1.11 (0.72–1.72)	0.55 (0.27–1.13) *	Ref	1.12 (0.62–2.03)	0.35 (0.14–0.88) **	Ref	1.12 (0.39–3.22)	0.27 (0.06–1.18) *
Anaemia	Ref	0.84 (0.52–1.33)	0.47 (0.16–1.39)	Ref	0.61 (0.30–1.24)	0.18 (0.02–1.42)	Ref	0.22 (0.03–1.68)	NA
Underweight	Ref	0.61 (0.29–1.30	1.64 (0.63–4.29)	Ref	0.96 (0.39–2.38)	2.68 (0.90–8.02) *	Ref	1.58 (0.43–5.77)	1.52 (0.22–13.09)
Abdominal pain	Ref	1.00 (0.69–1.45)	0.89 (0.44–1.80)	Ref	1.52 (0.92–2.52) *	1.11 (0.44–2.81)	Ref	2.32 (0.91–5.92) *	0.37 (0.07–1.99)
Pain score > 2	Ref	1.03 (0.71–1.49)	0.87 (0.42–1.78)	Ref	1.29 (0.78–2.14)	1.46 (0.68–3.64)	Ref	2.54 (1.03–6.28) **	0.94 (0.21–4.14)
Symptom score > 4	Ref	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	0.61 (0.29–1.26)	Ref	1.14 (0.69–1.88)	1.08 (0.43–2.73)	Ref	3.19 (1.18–8.67) **	0.64 (0.14–2.92)

Estimates represent increase or decrease in odds of each outcome in S. mansoni only positive and S. mansoni co-infection compared to no infection. All estimates were derived from multivariable logistic regression models (one for each health-related outcome) containing the S. mansoni infection status and hygiene variables. Pain score included general body pain, pain severity, abdominal pain and pain medication. Median (IQR) of pain score was 2 (2). Symptom score included general body pain, pain severity, abdominal pain, pain medication, fatigue, blood in stool, blood in the urine, fever, nausea or vomiting and diarrhoea. Median (IQR) of symptom score was 4 (3). n.a. not applicable due to absence of self-rated poor health or anaemia in this group
IQR interquartile range, OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, Ref. reference, NA not available
^‡S. mansoni co-infection with either Plasmodium, S. haematobium or hookworm;
*P-value between 0.05 and 0.1; **P-value < 0.05
Model 1: All participants (n = 805); S. mansoni defined as positive Kato-Katz or point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA);
Model 2: n = 695; S. mansoni defined as positive Kato-Katz or POC-CCA test (excluding trace positive-only cases);
Model 3: n = 626; S. mansoni defined as positive Kato-Katz test (excluding all POC-CCA positive-only cases)

ISSN: 2049-9957