Table 2 Multivariate meta-regression on the association between indoor residual spraying and malaria risk
From: Effectiveness of indoor residual spraying on malaria control: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Variable | Coefficients (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
Study design | ||
 Case-control study | Reference | – |
 Cohort study | − 0.607 (− 2.344 to 1.130) | 0.493 |
 Cross-sectional study | 0.323 (− 1.179 to 1.825) | 0.673 |
 RCT study | 1.436 (− 1.330 to 4.202) | 0.309 |
GDP, billion dollars | ||
 < 30 | Reference | – |
 30–60 | 0.863 (− 0.920 to 2.646) | 0.343 |
 ≥ 60 | 0.093 (− 0.996 to 1.182) | 0.867 |
 Unknown | 0.843 (− 1.925 to 3.611) | 0.551 |
Incidence rate (/1000) | ||
 < 250 | Reference | – |
 ≥ 250 | 0.286 (− 0.960 to 1.532) | 0.653 |
IRS chemicals | ||
 DDT | Reference | – |
 Pyrethroids | − 0.010 (− 1.374 to 1.354) | 0.989 |
 Methyl carbamate | 0.070 (− 2.034 to 2.173) | 0.948 |
 Pirimiphos-methyl | − 0.757 (− 3.751 to 2.236) | 0.620 |
 Multiple | − 0.099 (− 1.529 to 1.332) | 0.893 |
IRS coverage, % | ||
 < 80 | Reference | – |
 ≥ 80 | − 0.562 (− 1.699 to 0.575) | 0.333 |
 Unknown | − 0.059 (− 1.546 to 1.428) | 0.938 |
Net coverage, % | ||
 0 | − 0.286 (− 2.461 to 1.890) | 0.797 |
 < 50 | Reference | – |
 50–90 | − 0.137 (− 1.757 to 1.482) | 0.868 |
 ≥ 90 | − 0.908 (− 3.282 to 1.467) | 0.454 |
 Unknown | − 0.390 (− 1.982 to 1.203) | 0.632 |
Malaria epidemic level | ||
 High | Reference | – |
 Medium | − 0.522 (− 1.890 to 0.845) | 0.454 |
 Low | − 0.793 (− 2.104 to 0.517) | 0.235 |