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Table 2 Associations of SES, lifestyle, environmental pollution and chronic comorbidity factors with infectious diseases in UK Biobank participants under multivariate linear regression

From: Associations of socioeconomic status with infectious diseases mediated by lifestyle, environmental pollution and chronic comorbidities: a comprehensive evaluation based on UK Biobank

Variable

Description

OR (95% CI)

P

Infection (N1 = 60,771)

Non-infection (N2 = 351,487)

TDI

− 1.7577 (− 3.4268, 1.3194)

− 2.2374 (− 3.6969, 0.2835)

1.0720 (1.0690–1.0750)

 < 0.0001

SES a

    

High

7276 (12.0)

73,673 (21.0)

1.5385 (1.5174–1.5600)

 < 0.0001

Medium

28,383 (46.7)

187,584 (53.4)

1.4441 (1.4237–1.4649)

 < 0.0001

Low

25,112 (41.3)

90,230 (25.7)

  

Income (£) a

    

 > 100,000

1832 (3.0)

20,590 (5.9)

1.2779 (1.2675–1.2883)

 < 0.0001

 52,000–100,000

8242 (13.6)

75,971 (21.6)

  

 31,000–51,999

13,388 (22.0)

94,445 (26.9)

  

 18,000–30,999

16,744 (27.6)

88,170 (25.1)

  

 < 18,000

20,565 (33.8)

72,311 (20.6)

  

Education a

    

 College or University degree

16,525 (27.2)

128,156 (36.5)

1.1041 (1.0998–1.1085)

 < 0.0001

 A levels/AS levels or equivalent

5926 (9.8)

42,123 (12.0)

  

 O levels/GCSEs or equivalent

12,663 (20.8)

75,061 (21.4)

  

 CSEs or equivalent

3124 (5.1)

19,160 (5.5)

  

 NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent

4866 (8.0)

22,444 (6.4)

  

 Other professional qualifications

3473 (5.7)

17,471 (5.0)

  

 None of the above

14,194 (23.4)

47,072 (13.4)

  

 Unemployed a

6767 (11.1)

23,494 (6.7)

2.1245 (2.0630–2.1876)

 < 0.0001

Lifestyle scores a

    

 0–1

13,607 (34.2)

63,415 (25.3)

0.7576 (0.7454–0.7701)

 < 0.0001

 2–3

19,409 (48.8)

139,646 (55.7)

  

 4–6

6739 (17.0)

47,602 (19.0)

  

Lifestyle factors

    

 No current smoking a

30,928 (51.1)

212,488 (60.6)

0.6879 (0.6760–0.7001)

 < 0.0001

 Regular physical activity a

13,416 (22.6)

82,034 (23.6)

0.9096 (0.8907–0.9289)

 < 0.0001

 Healthy diet a

13,271 (22.1)

83,299 (23.9)

0.8762 (0.8578–0.8949)

 < 0.0001

 No alcohol consumption a

3018 (5.0)

12,532 (3.6)

1.3550 (1.2988–1.4133)

 < 0.0001

 Healthy sleep pattern a

16,945 (29.9)

119,493 (36.4)

0.7640 (0.7492–0.7790)

 < 0.0001

 Never use cannabis a

11,688 (79.1)

94,522 (76.6)

1.0029 (0.9605,1.0473)

0.8972

APS group a

    

 Q1

9977 (17.8)

65,524 (20.4)

1.0744 (1.0674–1.0814)

 < 0.0001

 Q2

10,822 (19.3)

64,679 (20.1)

  

 Q3

11,372 (20.3)

64,129 (19.9)

  

 Q4

11,624 (20.8)

63,877 (19.9)

  

 Q5

12,138 (21.7)

63,364 (19.7)

  

EPS group a

    

 Q1

9988 (17.9)

65,513 (20.4)

1.0717 (1.0647–1.0787)

 < 0.0001

 Q2

10,822 (19.3)

64,679 (20.1)

  

 Q3

11,492 (20.5)

64,009 (19.9)

  

 Q4

11,538 (20.6)

63,963 (19.9)

  

 Q5

12,093 (21.6)

63,409 (19.7)

  

Environmental pollutants

    

 PM2.5

9.9900 (9.3500, 10.6300)

9.9100 (9.2700, 10.5400)

2.7429 (2.5207–2.9844)

 < 0.0001

 PM2.5–10

6.1100 (5.8500, 6.6500)

6.1000 (5.8400, 6.6200)

1.2121 (1.0965–1.3394)

0.0002

 PM10

16.0400 (15.2900, 17.0300)

16.0100 (15.2200, 16.9800)

1.2520 (1.1937–1.3130)

 < 0.0001

 NO2

26.5200 (21.9200, 31.4700)

26.0300 (21.2700, 31.0800)

1.1323 (1.1192–1.1455)

 < 0.0001

 NOX

43.0300 (35.1600, 51.5600)

42.1200 (34.0700, 50.4700)

1.0603 (1.0545–1.0660)

 < 0.0001

 Noise

55.1050 (53.6733, 57.1833)

55.0833 (53.6533, 57.1533)

1.0361 (1.0152–1.0574)

0.0006

 Traffic intensity

17,053 (12,669, 25,324)

17,044 (12,574, 25,136)

1.3214 (1.1486–1.5198)

 < 0.0001

 Distance to road

373.1343 (164.7446, 735.2941)

380.2281 (168.0672, 757.5758)

0.7354 (0.6785–0.7972)

 < 0.0001

Chronic comorbidities

    

 CVD a

11,643 (19.2)

25,501 (7.3)

2.4982 (2.4374–2.5604)

 < 0.0001

 CAD a

1754 (2.9)

3554 (1.0)

2.2716 (2.1416–2.4087)

 < 0.0001

 AF a

1827 (3.0)

3253 (0.9)

2.5632 (2.4165–2.7181)

 < 0.0001

 Stroke a

685 (1.1)

1349 (0.4)

2.5416 (2.3136–2.7896)

 < 0.0001

 Hypertension a

9806 (16.1)

20,895 (5.9)

2.5030 (2.4377–2.5700)

 < 0.0001

 Diabetes a

3423 (5.6)

4956 (1.4)

3.5073 (3.3521–3.6693)

 < 0.0001

 Psychiatric disorders a

9730 (16.0)

50,375 (14.3)

1.2551 (1.2252–1.2857)

 < 0.0001

 Anxiety a

3322 (5.5)

20,368 (5.8)

1.0230 (0.9846–1.0627)

0.2422

 Depression a

7849 (12.9)

38,570 (11.0)

1.3412 (1.3061–1.3770)

 < 0.0001

 Bipolar disorder a

343 (0.6)

1292 (0.4)

1.6581 (1.4675–1.8685)

 < 0.0001

 Cancer a

7241 (11.9)

24,081 (6.9)

1.6436 (1.5976–1.6907)

 < 0.0001

  1. Odds ratios (OR) and P values were adjusted for age, sex, ethnic and assessment center
  2. TDI Townsend deprivation, SES socioeconomic status, APS air pollution score, EPS environment pollution score, PM2.5 particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm, PM2.5-10 particulate matter 2.5–10 μm, PM10 particulate matter ≤ 10 μm, NOx nitrogen oxides, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, CVD cardiovascular disease, CAD cardiovascular diseases, AF atrial fibrillation
  3. aCategorical variables are presented as number (percentage)
  4. bContinuous variables are presented as median (quartile)
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Infectious Diseases of Poverty

ISSN: 2049-9957

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