Table 1 The characteristics of included studies in the present review
Author name (year of publication) | Setting | Comparators | Population | Type of economic evaluation(model) | Perspective | Time horizon | Discount rate(%) | Sensitivity analyses | Costing year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whittington (2022) | US | - Remdesivir + SoC (dexamethasone) - SoC | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | CUA (Markov) | US healthcare sector | Lifetime | 3 | Yes, one-way, two-way and PSA | 2020 |
Rafia (2022) | England and wales | - Remdesivir - SoC | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | CUA (Decision –analysis model) | NHS/personal social services (payer) | Lifetime | 3.5 | Yes, DSA and PSA | NR |
Kelton (2022) | US | -Baricitinib + Remdesivir - Remdesivir | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | CUA (Markov) | Payer and hospital | Lifetime | 3 | Yes, DSA and PSA | NR |
Dijk (2022) | US | - Hydroxychloroquine - Remdesivir - Casirivimab-Imdevimab - Dexamethasone - Baricitinib + Remdesivir - Tocilizumab - Lopinavir-ritonavir - Interferon beta-1a - Usual care | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | CUA (state-transition model ) | US health care | Lifetime | 3 | Yes, PSA | 2020 |
Jo (2021) | South Africa | (1) Remdesivir administered to nonventilated patients and dexamethasone administered to ventilated patients, (2) dexamethasone alone administered to both nonventilated and ventilated patients, (3) Remdesivir administered to nonventilated patients only (4) dexamethasone administered to ventilated patients only, all relative to standard of ICU care | COVID patients | CEA | Health care system | Between august 2020 and January 2021 | 5 for the capital asset (e.g. ventilators) | Yes, One-way, 3-way and PSA | 2020 |
Jiang (2021) | -Remdesivir-SoC | Sever COVID-19 patients | CUA (dynamic compartment transmission model) | Health care system | 55-day | NA | Yes, One-way and PSA | 2020 | Â |
Okuz (2021) | Turkey | - Remdesivir - SoC | COVID-19 patients hospitalized with ≤ 94% saturation and low-flow oxygen therapy requirement. | CUA (cost-effectiveness model) | Payer | A COVID-19 episode time | NA | Yes, PSA | 2020 |
Ohsfeldt (2021) | US | - Baricitinib + SOC - SOC alone (which included systemic corticosteroids and Remdesivir) | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | CEA and CUA (Markov) | Third-payer and hospital | Lifetime | 3 | Yes, one-way and PSA | 2020 |
Congly (2021) | US | Supportive care, Dexamethasone severe, Dexamethasone all, Remdesivir severe, Remdesivir moderate, Remdesivir moderate, dexamethasone severe, Remdesivir all | Moderate to severe COVID-19 patients | CUA (decision tree) | Payer | One year | NA | Yes, univariate and PSA | 2020 |
Carta (2021) | US | - SoC - Dexamethasone - Remdesivir - Remdesivir + dexamethasone | Hospitalized COVID-19 patients | CUA (decision tree) | Health care system | One year | NA | Yes, One-way and PSA | NR |
Wu (2021) | US | Remdesivir + SoC vs. SoC | Hospitalized, adult patient with COVID-19 | CUA (Decision tree) | Provider (hospital) | 30 days | NA | No | 2020 |
Whittington (2020) | US | - Remdesivir plus SoC - SoC | Hospitalizes patients with COVID-19 | CEA and CUA (decision tree and Markov) | Health care system | Lifetime | 3 | Yes, scenario analysis | 2020 |