Fig. 5

The structure of driving forces in dengue dynamics. NDVI_1 showed the information on NPP and the non-summer NVDI, and NVDI_2 presented the NDVI in the summer seasons, which were applied to show the land-use and land cover conditions. The variables labeled ‘Soc_Eco’ and ‘HM_HF’ contained loadings of GDP-population and Human Footprint-Human Modification Index. More information is provided in Additional file 1: Table S15–20. The final model was certified by a robust-statistic test value of 3.492 with 2 degrees of freedom (df) and a P-value of 0.174. CFI: comparative fit index (≥ 0.90), GFI: Goodness of fit index (≥ 0.90), and RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation (< 0.05)