Table 1 The characteristics of included studies in the present review
Author year; country | Study design | Study population | Sample size, n | Indicator of SEP | Outcome measurement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siri 2010; Kenya | Case-control | Cases were children less than 10 years with a hemoglobin level < 8 g/dL and parasite density ≥ 10,000/μl and are normal residents | 906 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Coleman et al. 2010; South Africa | Case-control | All Household members (household considered instead of individuals) | 212 | Wealth Index (quartile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Loha et al. 2012; Ethiopia | Cohort | All residents in the Kebele were taken as study subjects. Every household was visited weekly, looking for febrile cases | 8121 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria RDT |
Clark et al. 2008; Uganda | Cohort | Children aged 1–10 years presenting with fever episode | 601 | Wealth Index (quartile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Snyman et al. 2015; Uganda | Cohort | HIV-exposed and unexposed children of age 4–6 months | 515 | Wealth Index (tertiles) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Tusting et al. 2016; Uganda | Cohort | All children aged 6Â months to 10Â years and their primary caregivers | 333 | Wealth Index (tertile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Wanzirah et al. 2015; Uganda | Cohort | All children aged 6Â months to 10Â years | 878 | Wealth Index (tertile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Asante et al. 2013; Ghana | Cohort | Infants of mothers enrolled during pregnancy | 1855 | Wealth Index (quintile) | Malaria RDT and Malaria examined by microscopy |
Vincenz et al. 2022; Mali | Cohort | Mothers who were participants in a cohort study | 249 mothers | Wealth z scores | Placental malaria (histology) |
Haji et al. 2016; Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | All children under 16Â years with symptoms consistent with malaria | 830 | Wealth Index (tertiles) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Kabaghe et al. 2017; Malawi | Cross-sectional | Children 6–59 months enrolled | 1016 | Wealth index (continuous) | Malaria RDT |
Mathanga et al. 2015; Malawi | Cross-sectional | Pupils enrolled in classes 1–8 of participating schools | 2667 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Sakwe et al. 2019; Cameroon | Cross-sectional | Children aged 6 months to 10 years and of both sexes, after full informed consent | 362 | Development Index)—(continuous) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Skarbinski et al. 2011; Malawi | Cross-sectional | All household members were asked to participate | 6581 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Skarbinski et al. 2012; Malawi | Cross-sectional | All household members were asked to participate | 884 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria was examined by microscopy |
Somi et al. 2007; Tanzania | Cross-sectional | Children and adults | 7657 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria was examined by microscopy |
Somi 2008; Tanzania | Cross-sectional | General population | 2034 | Wealth index (continuous) | Malaria was examined by microscopy |
Ssempiira et al. 2017; Uganda | Cross-sectional | Women 15–49 years, Children less than 5 years | 4591 children | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria RDT |
Temu et al. 2012; Mozambique | Cross-sectional | Children 1–15 years | 8338 children | Wealth Index (quartiles) | Malaria RDT |
Zoungrana et al. 2014; Burkina Faso | Cross-sectional | All children 0–5 years who had been diagnosed with clinical malaria or produced a paraclinical assessment | 510 | Wealth Index (dichotomous) | Malaria RDT or Malaria examined by microscopy |
Graves et al. 2009; Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | Children and women | 11,437 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria RDT |
Mmbando et al. 2011; Tanzania | Cross-sectional | children 0–19 years | 12,298 | Wealth Index (tertile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Siri, 2014; 9 SSA countries | Cross-sectional | Children | 34,139 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria RDT and Malaria examined by microscopy |
Custodio et al. 2009; Equatorial Guinea | Cross-sectional | Children 0–5 years old | 552 | Wealth Index (tertile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
de Beaudrap et al. 2011; Uganda | Cross-sectional | Children 0–5 years old | 2847 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria RDT and Malaria examined by microscopy |
Sonko et al. 2014; The Gambia | Cross-sectional | Children and the general population | 6–59 months (n = 1248), 5 to 14 years (n = 1987), adults (n = 2306) | Wealth Index (quintile) | Malaria RDT and Malaria examined by microscopy |
Chirombo et al. 2014; Malawi | Cross-sectional | Children under 5Â years | 2093 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria RDT |
de Glanville et al. 2019; Kenya | Cross-sectional | Individuals older or equal to 5Â years | 2113 | Wealth Index (continuous) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Florey et al. 2012; Kenya | Cross-sectional | Children aged 8–17 and adults 18–86 | 223 children and 338 adults | Wealth index (continuous) | Polymerase chain reaction |
Kahabuka et al. 2012; Tanzania | Cross-sectional | Caretakers who brought their sick children at Korogwe and Muheza district hospitals | 296 | Wealth Index (tertiles) | Malaria RDT |
Ma et al. 2017; DRC | Cross-sectional | Healthy children aged 2Â months to 5Â years attending well-child and/or immunization visits | 647 | Wealth index (continuous) | Malaria RDT |
West et al. 2013; Tanzania | Cross-sectional | Children 6–14 years | 5152 | Wealth index (cluster SEP) (tertiles) | Malaria RDT |
Williams et al. 2016; Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Ghana and Mali | Cross-sectional | Women enrolled in a trial of intermittent screening and treatment of malaria in pregnancy (ISTP) versus IPTP | 2526 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria RDT and Polymerase Chain Reaction |
Zgambo et al. 2017; Malawi | Cross-sectional | Children under the age of five | 2012 Survey (n = 2173), 2014 Survey (n = 2029) | Wealth index (quintiles) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Mann et al. 2021; Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Children aged 6–59 months | 12,996 | Wealth index (quintile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Emina et al. 2021; DRC | Cross-sectional | Children aged 6–59 months | 8547 | Wealth index (quintile) | Malaria examined by microscopy |
Mwaiswelo et al. 2021; Tanzania | Cross-sectional | Children aged 3–59 months | 2340 | Wealth index (tertiles) | Malaria RDT |
Mangani et al. 2022; Malawi | Cross-sectional | All individuals aged 6Â months or older who slept in the house for at least 2Â weeks of the previous month | 5829 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria RDT |
Ejigu 2020; Mozambique | Cross-sectional | Children of age 6–59 months | 4347 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria RDT |
Gari et al. 2016; Ethiopia | Trial | General population | 5309 | Wealth Index (tertiles) | Malaria RDT or Malaria examined by microscopy |
Liu et al. 2014; Tanzania | Trial | Children (one per household) were followed from 2 to 24Â months | 435 | Wealth Index (quintiles) | Malaria examined by microscopy |