Table 5 Risk factors from the selected pupils in the second survey (n = 643)

County¹

 Muranga

89

1

1

1

 Turkana

69

0.25 (0.05–1.30)

0.1

0.01 (0.00–0.10)

 < 0.001

0.02 (0.00–0.12)

 < 0.001

 Samburu

67

0.41 (0.09–1.92)

0.256

0.04 (0.00–0.37)

0.005

0.03 (0.01–0.22)

 < 0.001

 Kericho

67

0.24 (0.04–1.27)

0.092

0.19 (0.03–1.25)

0.084

0.23 (0.04–1.30)

0.096

 Nakuru

74

0.42 (0.09–1.93)

0.267

0.07 (0.01–0.48)

0.007

0.10 (0.02–0.61)

0.013

 Kajiado

73

0.30 (0.06–1.47)

0.138

0.26 (0.04–1.78)

0.17

0.13 (0.02–0.76)

0.023

 Makueni

72

0.41 (0.09–1.79)

0.236

0.15 (0.03–0.81)

0.028

0.15 (0.03–0.73)

0.019

 Taita Taveta

67

0.06 (0.01–0.63)

0.02

0.06 (0.00–0.79)

0.033

0.05 (0,00–0.59)

0.018

 Kilifi

65

2.19 (0.49–9.79)

0.305

0.05 (0.01–0.56)

0.014

0.12 (0.02–0.76)

0.024

Age

0.79 (0.68–0.91)

0.001

1.06 (0.88–1.27)

0.549

Sex

 Girls

313

1

1

 Boys

330

1.95 (1.09–3.47)

0.024

1.35 (0.66–2.76)

0.414

Disability

 No

634

1

1

 Yes

9

1.74 (0.24–12.47)

0.579

Other skin disease

 No

605

1

1

 Yes

38

2.35 (0.84–6.59)

0.104

2.28 (0.61–8.48)

0.218

Socioeconomic status

0.09 (0.03–0.25)

 < 0.001

0.06 (0.03–0.35)

0.002

0.10 (0.03–0.33)

 < 0.001

Shoes worn

 Closed W Socks

211

1

1

 None

75

6.24 (2.00–19.42)

0.002

3.10 (0.52–18.62)

0.217

 Slippers

152

2.74 (1.03–7.28)

0.043

2.00 (0.42–9.40)

0.378

 Closed

194

1.50 (0.65–3.46)

0.347

1.14 (0.35–3.67)

0.832

Days attended school last week

> 3 days

569

1

1

 1–3 days

69

2.54 (1.17–5.50)

0.018

2.09 (0.84–5.27)

0.12

Soap use for feet washing²

 Always

378

1

1

1

 Never

20

8.60 (2.19–33.85)

0.002

5.23 (0.81–33.79)

0.082

5.80 (1.08–31.17)

0.041

 Sometimes

243

2.46 (1.17–5.18)

0.018

1.25 (0.42–3.72)

0.685

1.66 (0.61–4.46)

0.319

Frequency of foot washing³

More than once a day

333

1

1

1

 Once a day

265

2.07 (1.06–4.04)

0.034

2.15 (0.96–4.80)

0.062

2.40 (1.13–5.10)

0.023

 Less than once a day

37

7.65 (2.30–25.44)

0.001

4.05 (0.91–17.93)

0.065

4.64 (1.16–18.54)

0.03

Bed net use

 Yes

275

1

1

 No

365

2.76 (1.40–5.43)

0.003

1.38 (0.59–3.21)

0.454

Sleep in parent house

 No

128

1

1

 Yes

513

1.65 (0.73–3.70)

0.228

Sleep on

 Bed

480

1

1

 Floor

160

2.28 (1.09–4.75)

0.028

1.03 (0.39–2.70)

0.956

Floor material⁴

 Cement/Tiles

303

1

1

1

 Loose soil/sand

224

4.70 (2.13–10.39)

 < 0.001

2.67 (0.92–7.72)

0.071

2.57 (0.99–6.70)

0.053

 Hard mud/cow dung

116

1.85 (0.71–4.87)

0.211

1.03 (0.31–3.48)

0.957

0.82 (0.27–2.49)

0.723

Wall material

 Stone/cement

200

1

1

 Mud/natural

210

3.39 (1.43–8.03)

0.006

0.49 (0.12–2.02)

0.323

 Other

233

2.00 (0.82–4.88)

0.128

0.95 (0.27–3.30)

0.929

Roof material

 Iron sheet

522

1

1

 Mud/natural

121

2.1 (0.89–4.99)

0.091

0.59 (0.17–2.14)

0.425

 Toilet type

 Improved

366

1

1

 Traditional latrine

178

3.86 (1.95–7.65)

 < 0.001

1.41 (0.62–3.23)

0.414

 Open defecation

97

2.42 (0.92–6.4)

0.074

0.43 (0.10–1.83)

0.256

Water source

 Own tap

194

1

1

 Open river/pond

225

2.15 (0.9–5.14)

0.086

0.59 (0.18–1.90)

0.374

 Shared tap/ well/borehole

223

1.51 (0.63–3.63)

0.355

0.74 (0.25–2.23)

0.596

Parent attend school meetings

 Always

350

1

1

 Never

37

2.74 (0.81–9.32)

0.107

1.87 (0.35–9.86)

0.462

 Sometimes

253

1.5 (0.76–2.96)

0.238

1.25 (0.54–2.87)

0.604

Parent ensure do homework

 Always

320

1

 Never

93

1.03 (0.42–2.56)

0.943

 Sometimes

229

1.71 (0.84–3.48)

0.141

Family member ill some months

 No

539

1

 Yes

101

1.56 (0.69–3.50)

0.283

Family owns a dog

 No

327

1.00

1

 Yes

317

0.29 (0.11–0.74)

0.009

0.55 (0.23–1.30)

0.172

Family owns a cat

 No

346

1

1

 Yes

298

0.54 (0.25–1.16)

0.115

0.93 (0.43–2.01)

0.852